Branded Cars

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Toyota Vitz

· Introduction

The Toyota Vitz may well be a line of three- and five-door hatchback automotive cars created since 1999 by the japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. Now in its third generation, the name "Toyota Vitz" has been used systematically in Japan, with most international markets receiving constant vehicle below the Toyota Yaris name, or formerly because the Toyota Echo in some markets for the primary generation. The Toyota Vitz is offered in Japan from Toyota's Netz Store line of dealerships.

· Market

· Asia

The Japanese launch of the Vitz occurred on thirteen Jan 1999, and beside the connected Platz, was retailed through the Netz franchise channel.

The Vitz "RS" was introduced in October 2000. The "RS" featured revised front and rear bumpers, a mesh grille, black-tinted headlamps, front fog lamps, aspect skirts, and alloy wheels.[14] Interior upgrades include, sports-oriented front seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, a animal skin and chrome gear shifter, and metallic door sill scuff plates.2 engines were out there within the "RS", the 1.3-litre eighty four power unit (63 kW) 2NZ-FE and therefore the 1.5-litre 110 hp (82 kW) 1NZ-FE. More powerful brakes and a firmer suspension calibration were also fitted to the "RS".

The part two Vitz RS was changed by Toyota athletics Development (TRD) chiefly for the domestic Japanese market, Associate in Nursingd outfitted with an IHI Rhf4 turbocharger with zero.5 bars (7.3 psi) boost. Produced in limited numbers, the TRD-tuned "RS" sported the 1.5-litre engine, and produced 148 hp (110 kW) and offered a 0–100 kilometres per hour (0–62 mph) time of 7.9 seconds.

The Yaris was also sold in China as the Xiali Vizi from December 2002 to 2012, equipped with a 1.0 and 1.3 litre engine.

· Australia

The Vitz shares a standard interior style with the closely connected Toyota Platz (pictured).

The XP10 series was introduced to Australia on eight October 1999 because the "Echo", replacement the actress. each the three- and five-door hatchback variants were offered, which sold alongside the four-door Toyota Platz-derived Echo sedan.[16][17] Sourced from Japan, Australian-market Echo hatchbacks received the one.3-litre 2NZ-FE engine with a typical five-speed manual transmission and elective four-speed automatic.[8] The base model was fitted with a driver's airbag and electronic equipment, though the nonobligatory safety pack added a rider airbag and anti-lock brakes (ABS). steering system was created customary instrumentation in October 2002.[8] The Echo "Sportivo" was introduced in March 2001, fitted with the 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE engine with manual transmission only.Compared to the models equivalent to the Echo "Sportivo" in other markets (the Vitz "RS" in Japan, and Yaris "T-Sport" in Europe), the Australian variant is distinguishable with its regionally developed T-CAM (Toyota Conversions, Accessories and Motorsport) body kit and downgraded 14-inch alloy wheels.

Sales of the facelifted hatchback vary commenced in March 2003. At a similar time, the value born and normal instrumentality was enhanced, with air-con, a electronic equipment, and remote keyless entry included, although the safety pack was deleted as Associate in Nursing possibility all at once. Consequently, ANCAP tested the Echo in Gregorian calendar month 2004 and demoted it from a four- to a three-star safety rating. ANCAP had antecedently primarily based its four-star rating on the check conducted by unit NCAP, that was performed with the rider airbag fitted.Following the review, Toyota reintroduced the safety pack from one Dec 2004 for the 2005 model year. In June 2005, Toyota Australia launched the Echo "Rush" three- and five-doors. Additional instrumentation fitted over the bottom model enclosed 14-inch alloy wheels, front power windows, and front fog lamps.

· Europe

The Vitz, marketed as a result of the "Yaris" in Europe, was ab initio on the market with gasoline-powered inline-four engines in displacements of one.0 and 1.3-litres, both featuring Toyota's VVT-i technology. The use of sophisticated engine management systems was said to give the equivalent of 1.4-litre performance from the 70 hp (52 kW) 1.0-litre engine, while maintaining low fuel consumption and emissions. In 2001, the range was expanded via the addition of the warm hatch "T Sport" (equivalent to the Vitz "RS" in Japan), fitted with the 1.5-litre engine. After March 2002, a 1.4-litre D4-D internal-combustion engine providing seventy five horsepower (56 kW) was conjointly enclosed within the lineup.

In most European markets, the Yaris was a stronger marketer than the actress that it replaced. The XP10 was voted European automotive of the Year in 2000, and conjointly the 2000 Semperit Irish automobile of the Year.

European-market Yaris was conjointly exported to Israel likewise as in Morocco.

· North America

The Vitz wasn't oversubscribed in North America till 2003 once it launched in Canada beneath the "Echo" name for the 2004 model year. Prior to this, solely the Platz-based Echo sedan and car were out there in Canada. The hatchback (three and 5 door) was introduced in Canada solely because of the upper sales achieved by the sedan and car compared to the us. Minor changes were created to fulfill Canadian safety needs like larger bumpers. The Echo hatchback was offered in four different trims in Canada, the LE being the standard version available in three or five door variants. The cerium was Associate in Nursing economy version solely out there with 3 doors and failed to feature steering system, a rear wiper or a four-way speaker system, while the RS was only out there with 5 doors Associate in Nursingd featured an aero package, aluminum alloy wheels, leather-wrapped wheel and shift knob together with sport seats.

Toyota Land Cruiser

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Toyota Land Cruiser

· The Toyota Land Cruiser (Japanese:

may be a series of machine drive vehicles created by the japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series of models.[1] As of 2018, the sales of the Land Cruiser totalled over six.5 million units worldwide.[2]

Production of the primary generation of the Land Cruiser began in 1951[2] as Toyota's version of a Jeep-like vehicle.[3][4] The Land Cruiser has been made in convertible, hardtop, station wagon and cab chassis bodystyles. The Land Cruiser's responsibility and longevity has junction rectifier to large quality, particularly in Australia wherever it's the popular body-on-frame, four-wheel drive vehicle.[5] Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser within the Australian outback – thought of to be one in all the toughest operational environments in each temperature and piece of ground.[6][7][8] In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store.

As of 2018, the Land Cruiser (J200) is on the market in most markets. Exceptions embody North American nation, Asian country (which have the Lexus LX available), Hong Kong,

· Origin

When the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the Philippines in 1941, they found Associate in Nursing yank motorcar and promptly sent it to Japan. The Japanese military authorities ordered Toyota to supply an identical vehicle however to change the looks. The ensuing Model Last Frontier epitome junction rectifier to the Yon-Shiki Kogata Kamotsu-Sha (四式小型貨物車 kind four compact cargo-truck).

Later in 1941, the japanese government schooled Toyota to supply a lightweight truck for Japan's military. In 1942, Toyota developed the AK10 epitome by reverse-engineering a Bantam doctor. The half-ton truck options Associate in Nursing upright front grille, flat front wheel arches that angulate down and back just like the FJ40, headlights mounted higher than the wheel arches on either facet of the radiator, and a folding windshield.

· History

1955 – The Second generation of the Land Cruiser known as the twenty Series was introduced. It was designed to own a a lot of civilian charm than the BJ for export reasons. It additionally had a lot of fashionable bodywork and a much better ride courtesy of longer four-plate leaf springs that had been custom-made from the Toyota lightweight Truck. It had a additional powerful ninety nine kW (135 PS; 133 hp) three.9 L six-cylinder kind F gasoline engine, but adopted the previous generation's three speed gearbox. The interior of the vehicles were created easier by moving the engine one hundred twenty millimeter (4.7 in) forward. The twenty Series still had no low vary transfer case, however had synchrony on the third and fourth gears.[citation needed]

1957 – A 4-door car was additional referred to as the FJ35V that was supported a two,650 metric linear unit (104.3 in) wheelbase. The Land Cruiser initial foreign into Australia by B&D Motors because the FJ25/28 cab chassis with Australian created bodies.[10] The Land Cruiser was the primary Japanese vehicle to be regularly exported to the country.[11]A small number of Land Cruisers were initially used in the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme, by sub contractor Theiss Constructions.[12]

1958 – FJ25 production commenced in Brazil; this being the primary Toyota vehicle engineered outside Japan. These were sold-out because the "Toyota Bandeirante" from January 1962 once the Toyota gas engine was replaced with a Mercedes-Benz diesel. The FJ25 models were engineered till August 1968 in Brazil.[13] Production numbers were fairly low; in 1965, the assembly total was 961 vehicles.[14]

Toyota Corolla

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Toyota Corolla

Ø introduction

The Toyota coil (Japanese: トヨタ・カローラ Toyota Karōra) may be a line of car and compact cars factory-made by Toyota. Introduced in 1966, the coil was the popular automotive worldwide by 1974 and has been one among the popular cars within the world since then. In 1997, the coil became the simplest merchandising plate within the world, surpassing the Volkswagen Beetle.[1] Toyota reached the milestone of forty million Corollas oversubscribed over eleven generations in July 2013.[2] The series has undergone many major redesigns.

The name coil is an element of Toyota's naming tradition of exploitation names derived from the Toyota Crown for sedans, with "corolla" Latin for "small crown".[3] The coil has perpetually been exclusive in Japan to Toyota coil Store locations, and made in Japan with a twin, known as the Toyota runner till 2000. From 2006 to 2018 in Japan and far of the planet, the hatchback companion has been known as the Toyota Auris.

Ø Production locations

Corollas ar factory-made in Japan at the initial Toyota Takaoka location inbuilt 1966. Various production facilities are inbuilt Brazil, (Indaiatuba, São Paulo), Canada (Cambridge, Ontario), China (Tianjin), India (Bangalore), Pakistan (Karachi), South Africa (Durban), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Venezuela. Production has antecedently been administered in Australia (Victoria), New Zealand (Thames) and also the uk (Derbyshire). Production within the us (at NUMMI in Fremont, California) led to March 2010.[4] Production resumed the subsequent year when the Toyota Motor producing Mississippi plant was opened in November 2011 in Blue Springs, Mississippi.[5]

Ø Alternative versions

In Japan, the coil has invariably been exclusive to the japanese retail sales chain referred to as Toyota coil Store, that was antecedently established in 1961, called Toyota Public Store, selling the Toyota Publica. A badge designed version referred to as the runner was introduced round the same time because the coil in Japan, and sold-out through a special Toyota Japan franchise sales channel known since 1966 as Toyota Auto Store.

There are many models over the years, together with the coil Ceres (and similar runner Marino) car, coil Levin and runner Trueno sports coupés and hatchbacks, and also the whorl FX hatchback, that became the whorl RunX, whereas the runner became the Allex, with the introduction of the ZZE128 roll. The RunX and Allex was replaced by the Auris in 2006 (known only as Corolla in markets outside Japan, Europe and South Africa). A luxury version of the Auris put in with V6 engines was concisely oversubscribed at Japanese Toyota dealerships Toyota Store and Toyopet Store locations because the Blade, which was discontinued in 2012.

A compact MPV named the coil Verso has conjointly been discharged in European markets. Its Japanese counterpart is that the coil Spacio, which has been discontinued as of the 10th generation. The ringlet Rumion is additionally oversubscribed within the US-market because the descendant xB.

The coil Matrix, better known just as the Matrix, shares the E120 and E140 platforms, and is considered the hatchback/sport wagon counterpart of the North American Corolla sedan, as the European/Australasian Corolla hatchback is not sold there. Toyota often combines the sales figures of the whorl sedan and Matrix. The Shawnee vibration, that is that the General Motors badged version of the Matrix, shares the Corolla platform. The Shawnee vibration was exported from Fremont, California, to the Japanese market where it was sold as the Toyota Voltz

Ø First generation (E10; 1966–1970)

The first coil generation was introduced in Nov 1966 with the new 1100 cc K pushrod engine. The whorl runner was introduced because the fastback version in 1968, and exclusive to a Toyota Japan franchise retail outlet referred to as Toyota car Store.

Ø Second generation (E20; 1970–1978)

In could 1970, the E20 was restyled with a more rounded body. The currently reciprocally exclusive coil and runner names were wont to totally differentiate between 2 slightly different treatments of flat solid and trim. The roll Levin and runner Trueno names were introduced because the increased performance version of the coil and runner severally once a double overhead shaft version of the 2T engine was introduced in March 1972 (TE27

Toyota prado

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Toyota prado

· Introduction

The Toyota Land Cruiser Prado could be a life-size machine drive vehicle within the Toyota Land Cruiser vary. It is made by the japanese automobile maker, Toyota. The Prado is one among the smaller vehicles within the vary. From 2009, the Prado relies on Toyota's J150 platform.

The Prado might also be named as Land Cruiser LC70, LC90, LC120, and LC150 betting on the platform. In some markets it's acknowledged merely because the Toyota Prado.

In North America, the Prado isn't a part of the Land Cruiser range; the rebadged Lexus GX occupies the Prado's position in luxury trim. The GX uses much identical body panels and V8 engine.

Prado has ladder frame chassis, two-speed transfer boxes and rear beam axles. The J70 platform includes a front beam shaft whereas the J90, J120, and J150 platforms have front freelance suspension.

As of 2014, the Prado is accessible in each Toyota market, except the U.S.A., North American nation (both accessible because the Lexus GX), Mexico, Brazil and Asian country.

· Predecessor (J70: 1984–1990)

First developed because the light-duty vehicle of the seventy Series, in November 1984. Available solely in brief body with choices for soft high or exhausting high (metal top). Names like Land Cruiser II, Land Cruiser, and Bundera were created for these "light duty" Land Cruisers. The Bundera was a brief wheelbase—being a pair of,310 millimetres (90.9 in)—with two-doors, a plastic high, and barn doors at the rear. There were three options for the engine, the 2.4 L (2366 cc) 22R petrol engine and 2.4 L (2446 cc) 2L and 2L-T diesel and turbocharged diesel engines. Transmission for the gasolene engine is that the G52 sort whereas the diesels used the R150 and R151 sorts. These were the same engines and transmission used in 4Runner, in cooperation with Hino.

· First generation (J70: 1990–1996)

In April 1990, a new type, the Prado, was introduced, with a redesigned front grille, front fenders, engine hood, and head lamps. At a similar time, names like Land Cruiser and Land Cruiser II were still employed in different elements of the planet besides Japan. Prado suggests that grassland or field in Portuguese.[1] Despite a body-on-frame style creating it extremely capable cross-country, the vehicle was marketed toward on-road use.

· Second generation (J90: 1996–2002)

In might 1996, the J70 series underwent a makeover and emerged because the J90 series Prado, an independent series. The body was lengthened. The design remained medium duty, like the J70. The front suspension was replaced with associate degree freelance style, shared with city and Hilux Surf, made by Hino. The J90 was created by Tahara Plant, available as a three-door short wheelbase and five-door long wheelbase version.

In Japan, the 3-door series started with associate degree R within the series starting from RZ, RX, RS to RJ whereas the 5-door line-up started with T within the series go from TZ, TX, TS, to TJ. All models came with front double wishing bone and four coupled suspension also as regular 4 wheel drive. ABS and a Field Monitor showing measuring device, measuring instrument and pressure were normal all told the models. The field monitor wasn't accessible as normal instrumentation in African nation. Television display and audio set was optional.

· Third generation (J120: 2002–2009)

Appearing in 2002, the third generation Prado has revised front suspension to enhance dependableness. Development began in 1997 and style add 1998, with the winning proposal originating from Lance Scott of the Toyota ED2 design studio in France in late 1999.

Engines include the 2.7 L (2693 cc) straight-4 3RZ-FE, 3.4 L (3378 cc) V-6 5VZ-FE and 3.0 L (2982 cc) straight-4 turbocharged diesel 1KZ-TE. In countries like China, a newly developed engine 1GR-FE V6 is available. The engine immobilizer became normal instrumentation in some markets.

In August 2004, the 3RZ-FE engine was replaced by 2.7 L (2694 cc) 2TR-FE engine and in July of the same year, the 5VZ-FE engine was replaced by 4.0 L (3955 cc) V6 1GR-FE engine with 5-speed transmission accessible in late 2005. In North America, this model is known as the Lexus GX 470 with the 4.7 L (4663 cc) V8 2UZ-FE engine.

· Fourth generation (J150: 2009–present)

The fourth generation has been accessible in some markets since Gregorian calendar month 2009. There are two base variants, five-door and three-door. The 5 door variant within the general market is obtainable in TXL & VXL grades – that area unit far more possibility packed. This generation of Prado options advanced 4 wheel drive associate degreed an array of electronic gadgets. This generation of the Prado is offered in the US badged as the 2010 model year Lexus GX 460 with luxury trim.

Depending on the market, the fourth generation is available with an under-floor mounted or rear door mounted spare wheel. For example, UK vehicles have the spare wheel mounted underneath the ground, whereas in Australia and Argentina the spare wheel is mounted on the rear door, effort area for an auxiliary fuel tank, that is fascinating in countries wherever long journeys in isolated areas is also needed. The fuel capability of the twin tank series four is one hundred fifty L compared to 179 L of the series 3.

The removable third row three-seaters of the J120 were replaced by fold-into-floor seats which seat only two people – which is also responsible for a loss of cargo capacity, the reduction in twin fuel capability and usable height within the shipment compartment.

On the upper finish VX and Kakadu models, there are six camera positions enabling viewing to the front and down, to the side both front and rear, and to the rear. The engine remained a similar, though the automated gear amendment points were altered most|for max|for optimum} fuel economy instead of maximum performance, even in Sports mode.

Limousine

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Limousine

· introduction

A car (/ˈlɪməziːn/ or /lɪməˈziːn/)[1] could be a luxury vehicle driven by a chauffeur with a partition between the driver's compartment and also the passenger's compartment.

A automobile with a partition and a greatly elongated distance is named a "stretch limousine".

In some countries, a "limousine service" could be a pre-booked rent-a-car with driver, regardless of the type of vehicle.

In German-speaking countries, a limo is solely a sedan, while a lengthened-wheelbase car is called Stretch-Limousine.

· Etymology

The word limo comes from the name of the French region Limousin. A particular variety of carriage hood or roof physically resembled the raised hood of the cloak worn by the shepherds there.[2][3]

An alternate etymology has the chauffeur sporting a Limousin-style cloak within the open driver's compartment, for cover from the weather.[4]

The name was then extended to the current specific variety of automotive with a permanent high jutting over the chauffeur.[2]

· History

Rich homeowners of pricy carriages and their passengers were familiar with their own non-public compartment departure their driver or driver outside all told weathers. When cars arrived a similar folks needed an identical arrangement for his or her chauffeurs. As such, the 1916 definition of car by the US Society of Automobile Engineers is "a closed automobile seating 3 to 5 within, with driver's seat outside".[5]

In nice United Kingdom, the car de-ville was a version of the car city automobile wherever the driver's compartment was outside and had no weather protection.[6](p103) The limousine-landaulet variant (also oversubscribed in the United States) had a removable or folding roof section over the rear passenger seat.[6](p100).

In the United States, sub-categories of limousines in 1916 were the berline defined as "a limousine having the driver's seat entirely enclosed", and the brougham, defined as "a

· Characteristics

The limousine body style has a partition separating the driver from the rear passenger compartment.[4][6](p96) This partition includes a usually openable glass section so passengers may see the road. Communication with the driving force is feasible either by gap the window within the partition or by exploitation Associate in Nursing intercommunication system system.

Limousines area unit typically long-wheelbase vehicles, in order to provide extra legroom in the passenger compartment. There will sometimes be occasional or seat at the front of the compartment (either forwards-facing, rear-facing or able to face either direction).

· Stretch limousine

Stretch limousines area unit longer than traditional limousines, sometimes so as to accommodate additional passengers. Stretch limousines might have seating on the edges of the cabin.

A "stretch limousine" was created in Fort Smith, Arkansas, around 1928 by a tutor company named Armbruster. Armbruster's cars were primarily wont to transport celebrated "big band" leaders, like Miller and Goodman, and their bands and instrumentation. These early stretch limousines were typically known as "big band buses". Armbruster called their lengthened cars "extended-wheelbase multi-door auto-coaches". Their 12-passenger folks movers were utilized by hotels, taxis, airlines, firms and tour corporations.[7]

· Novelty limousines

A variety of vehicles are born-again into novelty limousines.[8] They are used for weddings, parties and other social occasions.[9] Another style of novelty limousine are those painted in bright colours, such as purple or pink.[10]

Vehicles converted into novelty stretch limousines include the East German Trabant, Volkswagen Beetle, Fiat Panda, and Citroën 2CV. There area unit even instances of Corvettes, Ferraris and mini Coopers being stretched to accommodate up to ten passengers.

· United states

The last production car, by Cadillac, with forward-facing jump seats was in 1987 (with their Fleetwood Series 75 model), the last Packard in 1954, and the last Lincoln in 1939, though Lincoln has offered limousines through their dealers as special order vehicles from time to time. Several Lincoln Premier cars were additionally engineered, one being owned by Elvis Presley. Vehicles of this sort in camera use could contain pricey audio players, televisions, video players, and bars, often with refrigerators. The President of the u. s. has ridden in a very sort of sorts of car stretching back to 1899.[11]

In the u. s. the foremost well-liked vehicles for stretch limousines conversion area unit the Lincoln city automobile, Cadillac XTS, Cadillac Escalade, Chrysler three hundred, Hummer H2, Ford Excursion, and therefore the Lincoln Navigator.

Ferrari

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Ferrari

· Introduction

Ferrari (/fəˈrɑːri/; Italian: [ferˈraːri]) is associate Italian luxury sports manufacturing business based mostly in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1939 out of Alfa Romeo's race division as machine Avio Costruzioni, the corporate engineered its initial automobile in 1940. However, the company's beginning as associate carmaker is sometimes recognized in 1947, once the primary Ferrari-badged automobile was completed.

In 2014, Ferrari was rated the world's most powerful brand by Brand Finance. In June 2018, the 1964 250 GTO became the most expensive car in history, setting an all-time record selling price of $70 million

Fiat S.p.A. acquired five hundredth of Ferrari in 1969 and distended its stake to ninetieth in 1988.In October 2014 order Chrysler vehicles N.V. (FCA) announced its intentions to separate Ferrari S.p.A. from FCA; as of the announcement FCA owned ninetieth of Ferrari. The separation began in October 2015 with a restructuring that established Ferrari N.V. (a company incorporated in the Netherlands) as the new holding company of the Ferrari group and the subsequent sale by FCA of 10% of the shares in an IPO and synchronous listing of stock on the Ny stock market Through the remaining steps of the separation, FCA's interest in Ferrari's business was distributed to shareholders of FCA, with 100% continued to be owned by Piero Ferrari. The production was completed on three Jan 2016.

Throughout its history, the corporate has been noted for its continuing participation in athletics, particularly in Formula One, wherever it's the oldest and most made sport team, holding the most constructors’ championships (16) and having made the very best variety of drivers' championship wins (15). Ferrari road cars area unit typically seen as an emblem of speed, luxury and wealth.

· History

Enzo Ferrari wasn't ab initio curious about the thought of manufacturing road cars once he fashioned Scuderia Ferrari in 1929, with headquarters in Modena. Scuderia Ferrari (pronounced [Scuderia]) virtually means that "Ferrari Stable" and is sometimes accustomed mean "Team Ferrari." Ferrari bought, [citation needed] prepared, and fielded Alfa Romeo racing cars for gentleman drivers, functioning as the racing division of Alfa Romeo. In 1933, Alfa lover withdrew its in-house athletics team and Scuderia Ferrari took over as its works team: the Scuderia received Alfa's car race cars of the most recent specifications and fielded several famed drivers like Tazi Uvular and Achille Varki. In 1938, Alfa lover brought its athletics operation once more in-house, forming Alfa Corse in Milan and hired Enzo Ferrari as manager of the new racing department; therefore, the Scuderia Ferrari was disbanded

· Motorsport

Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been concerned in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as provision cars and engines to different groups and for one create race series.

The 1940 AAC 815 was the primary racer to be designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model.

· Scuderia Ferrari

· Main article: Scuderia Ferrari

Scuderia Ferrari has participated in many categories of motorsport, though it is currently only officially involved in Formula One. It is the sole team to own competed within the Formula One World Championship incessantly since its beginning in 1950. José Friulan González gave the team its initial F1 finish at the 1951 British car race.

· Race cars for other teams

Throughout its history, Ferrari has equipped athletics cars to different entrants, aside from its own works Scuderia Ferrari team.

In the Fifties and '60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famed example was Tony Vandervalk’s team, that raced the Thin wall Special changed Ferraris before building their own Vanwall cars. The North yank athletics Team's entries within the final 3 rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on that a team aside from Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car

Ferrari equipped cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 car race series, from the 2008-09 season the car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car.

· Road cars

The first vehicle created with the Ferrari name was the one hundred twenty-five S. This was primarily a sports/racing model. In 1949, the 166 repose was introduced marking the company's important go into the grand road road automobile market. Road cars still form up the majority of Ferrari sales to this day

· Ferrari Special Projects

The Special comes programmed was launched within the late 2000s as Ferrari's final in-house personalization service, enabling customers to possess made-to-order bodied one-offs supported fashionable Ferrari road cars. Engineering and design are finished by Ferrari, sometimes in cooperation with external design houses like Pannarin or Farahani, and the vehicles receive full homologation to be road legal

BMW

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BMW

· Introduction

BMW atomic number 47 (German: [ˈbeːˈʔɛmˈveː]; originally associate degree initialism for Baertschi Motormen Werke in German, or Bavarian Motor Works in English) may be a German international company that presently produces vehicles and motorcycles, and also produced aircraft engines until 1945.

The company was supported in 1916 and is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria. BMW produces cars in Germany, Brazil, China, India, Republic of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 2015, BMW was the world's twelfth largest producer of automobiles, with 2,279,503 vehicles createdThe Quant family are long-term shareholders of the company, with the remaining shares owned by public float.

· History

Aircraft engine production

BMW IIIa aircraft engine

BMW's origins will be derived back to 3 separate German companies: Rapp Metrowerks, Baertschi Flugzeugwerke, and Automobile Eisenach. The history of the name itself begins with Rapp Metrowerks, associate engine manufacturer. In April 1917, following the departure of the founder Karl Friedrich Rapp, the company was renamed Baertschi Motormen Werke (BMW).(p11) BMW's first product was the BMW IIIa aircraft engine. The IIIa engine was far-famed permanently fuel economy and high-altitude performance.The ensuing orders for IIIa engines from the German military caused fast growth for BMW.

1923–1939: Motorcycle and car production

BMW model 3/15PS (BMW Dixie) from 1930

As the restrictions of the truce accord began to be raised, BMW began production of motorcycles in 1923, with the R32 model.

BMW's production of vehicles began in 1928, once the corporate purchased the Automobile Eisenach company. Automobile Eisenach's current model was the Dixie 3/15, a commissioned copy of the capital of Texas seven that had begun production in 1927. Following the takeover, the Dixie 3/15 became the BMW 3/15, BMW's initial production automobile.

In 1932, the BMW 3/20 became the primary BMW automobile designed entirely by BMW. It was battery-powered by a four-cylinder engine, that BMW designed supported the capital of Texas seven engine.

BMW's initial automotive straight-six engine was free in 1933, within the BMW 303. Throughout the Thirties, BMW expanded its model vary to incorporate sedans, coupes, convertibles and sports cars.

· 1939–1945: World War II

BMW 801 engine

With German arming within the Thirties, the corporate once more began manufacturing craft engines for the Luftwaffe. The factory in Munich made ample use of forced labor: foreign civilians, prisoners of war and inmates of the Dachau concentration camp. Among its successful World War II engine designs were the BMW 132 and BMW 801 cool radial engines, and therefore the pioneering BMW 003 axial-flow turbojet, that battery-powered the small, 1944–1945–era jet-powered “emergency fighter”, the Heinkel He 162 Spats. The BMW 003 reaction-propulsion engine was 1st tested as {a prime a major a mania chief a primary initial-rate} power station within the first epitome of the MEsserschmitt Me 262, the Me 262 V1, but in 1942 tests the BMW epitome engines unsuccessful on takeoff with solely the standby Junkers Jumo 210 nose-mounted piston engine powering it to a secure landing.[

1945–1959: Post-war rebuilding

· BMW Izetta with a front opening door

During war II, many BMW production facilities had been heavily bombed. BMW's facilities in German Democratic Republic were appropriated by the Soviet Union and therefore the remaining facilities were prohibited by the Allies from manufacturing motorcycles or vehicles. During this ban, BMW used basic secondhand and salvaged equipment to make pots and pans, later expanding to other kitchen supplies and bicycles.

In 1947, BMW was granted permission to resume bike production and its 1st post-war bike - the R24 - was free in 1948. BMW was still barred from manufacturing vehicles, however, the Bristol Aeroplan Company (BAC) was producing cars in England based on BMW's pre-war models, using plans that BAC had taken from BMW's German offices.

1989–1994: 8 Series, hatchbacks

· E31 8 Series

The eight Series vary of enormous coupes was introduced in 1989 and in 1992 was {the initial the primary} application of BMW's first V8 engine in twenty-five years, the M60. It was additionally the primary BMW to use a multi-link rear suspension, a style that was enforced for mass-production in 1990 E36 three Series.

The E34 five Series, introduced in 1988, was the first 5 Series to be produced with all-wheel drive or a wagon body style.

In 1989, the limited-production Z1 began BMW's line of two-seat convertible Z Series models.

In 1993, the BMW 3 Series Compact was BMW's first hatchback model (except for the limited production 02 Series "Touring" models). These hatchback models fashioned a replacement entry-level model vary below the opposite three Series models.

In 1992, BMW noninheritable an outsized stake in California-based industrial style studio DesignworksUSA, that they totally noninheritable in 1995.

The 1993 McLaren F1 is battery-powered by a BMW V12 engine.

· Management

Members of the board of management are:

Harald Kruger, chairman

Milagros Caine Carneiro-Andree, human resources

Klaus Fröhlich, development

Pieter Nota, sales and brand

Nicolas Peter, finance

Peter Schwarzenberg, Mini, Rolls-Royce, BMW Motored

Andreas Wendt, purchasing and supplier network

Oliver Zipes, production

(as of 29 October 2018)

Company name and logo

· BMW badge on a 1931 Dixie

The name BMW is an abbreviation for Baertschi Motormen Werke (German pronunciation: [ˈbaɪ̯ʁɪʃə mɔˈtʰɔʁn̩ ˈvɛɐ̯kə] (About this sound listen)). The German name is not grammatically correct, because Motorenwerke is a single word in German. The term Baertschi Metrowerks (which has been used in several German publications and advertisements in the past translates into English as Bavarian Motor Works, which has been used by BMW for selling product in communicative countries. The suffix AG, short for Aktiengesellschaft, signifies an incorporated entity which is owned by shareholders.

The circular blue and white BMW emblem or roundel evolved from the circular Rapp Metrowerks company brand, from which the BMW company grew, combined with the blue and white colors of the flag of Bavaria. The BMW logo still used today was created in 1917, albeit with various minor styling changes.

The origin of the brand is commonly thought to be a portrayal of the movement of associate craft propeller with the white blades cutting through a blue.

Audi

at April 11, 2019 0

Audi

· Introduction

Audi silver (German: [ˈʔaʊ̯diː ˈʔaːˈgeː] (About this sound listen)) might be a German automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes luxury vehicles. Audi may be a member of the Volkswagen cluster and has its roots at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. Audi-branded vehicles area unit made in 9 production facilities worldwide.

The origins of the corporate area unit complicated, going back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises (Horch

and the Audi Werke) founded by engineer August Hoch; and two other makers (DKW and Wanderer), leading to the foundation of Auto Union in 1932. The modern era of Audi primarily began within the Nineteen Sixties once automobile Union was noninheritable by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, thus creating the present day form of the company.

· History

· Birth of the company and its name

Automobile company Wanderer was originally established in 1885, later becoming a branch of Audi AG. Another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimler's four-wheeler

On fourteen November 1899, August Horch (1868–1951) established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne. In 1902, he affected along with his company to Reichenbach im Vogtland. On ten might 1904, he based the August Horch & Cie. Motorwagen Werke silver, a company in Zwickau (State of Saxony).

After troubles with Hoch chief money dealer, August Hoch left Motorwagen Werke and based in Zwickau on sixteen Gregorian calendar month 1909, his second company, the August Hoch Automobile GmbH. His former partners sued him for trademark infringement. The German Recherche (Supreme Court) in Leipzig eventually determined that the Hoch brand belonged to his former company

· The merger of the four firms beneath the brand of 4 rings

In August 1928, Jorgen Rasmussen, the owner of Damp-Kraft-Wagon (DKW), acquired the majority of shares in Audi Werke AG In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the U.S. automobile manufacturer Eddie Rickenbacker, including the manufacturing equipment for eight-cylinder engines. These engines were employed in Audi Zwickau and Audi urban center models that were launched in 1929. At a similar time, six-cylinder and four-cylinder (the "four" with a Peugeot engine) models were manufactured. Audi cars of that era were luxurious cars equipped with special bodywork.

· Post-World War II

Like most German producing, at the onset of war II the motor vehicle Union plants were retooled for military production, and were a target for allied bombing throughout the war which left them damaged.

Overrun by the Soviet Army in 1945, on the orders of the Russia military administration the factories were demolished as a part of war reparations Following this, the company's entire assets were taken whereas not compensation on seventeen August 1948, Auto Union AG of Chemnitz was deleted from the commercial register. These actions had the effect of liquidating Germany's Auto Union AG. The remains of the Audi plant of Zwickau became the VEB (for "People Owned Enterprise") Automobile Zwickau [de] or AWZ (in English: Automobile Works Zwickau).

· New Auto Union unit

A new West German headquartered motor vehicle Union was launched in Ingolstadt with loans from the Bavarian government and European Recovery Program aid. The reformed company was launched three Sep 1949 and continuing DKW's tradition of manufacturing front-wheel drive vehicles with two-stroke engines. This included production of a small but sturdy 125 cc motorcycle and a DKW delivery van, the DKW F89 L at Ingolstadt.

· Modern era

The new incorporate company was incorporated on one January 1969 and was called Audi nonspecific urethritis motor vehicle Union atomic number 47, with its headquarters at NSU's Necksful plant, and saw the emergence of Audi as a separate complete for the primary time since the pre-war era. Volkswagen introduced the Audi complete to the us for the 1970 model year. That same year, the mid-sized automobile that nonspecific urethritis had been performing on, the K70, originally supposed to fit between the rear-engine Prinz models and also the futurist nonspecific urethritis artificial language eighty, was instead launched as a Volkswagen.

· Audi 5000 unintended acceleration allegations

Sales within the us fell when a series of recollects from 1982 to 1987 of Audi 5000 models related to according incidents of sudden accidental acceleration coupled to 6 deaths and 700 accidents. At the time, NHTSA was work fifty automobile models from twenty makers for abrupt surges of power.

An hour report ethereal twenty 3 Gregorian calendar month 1986, that includes interviews with six folks that had sued Audi once coverage uncaused acceleration, showing Associate in Nursing Audi 5000 on the face of it suffering a drag once the pedal was pushed. Consequent investigation disclosed that hr. had designed the failure – fitting a canister of compressed gas on the passenger-side floor, coupled via a hose to a hole drilled into the transmission.

Jaguar Cars

at April 11, 2019 0

Jaguar Cars

· Introduction

Jaguar (UK: /ˈdʒæɡjuər/, US: /ˈdʒæɡwɑːr/) is that the luxury vehicle whole of Panthera once Land Rover,[2][1] a British transnational car maker with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, England. Jaguar Cars was the corporate that was answerable for the assembly of Panthera once cars till its operations were totally incorporate with those of Land Rover to make Panthera once Land Rover on 1 January 2013.

Jaguar's business was based because the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, originally creating bike sidecars before developing bodies for traveler cars. Under the ownership of S. S. Cars restricted the business extended to complete cars created in association with commonplace Motor Co, several bearing Panthera once as a model name. The company's name was changed from S. S. Cars to Jaguar Cars in 1945. A merger with British Motor Corporation followed in 1966 the ensuing enlarged company currently being renamed as British Motor Holdings (BMH), which in 1968 merged with Leyland Motor Corporation and have become British Leyland, itself to be nationalized in 1975.

Jaguar was spun faraway from British Leyland and was listed on the London stock market in 1984, turning into a constituent of the FTSE a hundred Index till it had been nonheritable by Ford in 1990.Panthera once has, in recent years, manufactured cars for the British Prime Minister, the most recent delivery being an XJ in May 2010. The company also holds royal warrants from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles.

· History

· Founding

The Swallow Sidecar Company was based in 1922 by 2 bike enthusiasts, William Lyons and William Walmsley. In 1934 Walmsley electoral to sell-out and so as to shop for the Swallow business (but not the corporate which was liquidated) Lyons shaped S.S. Cars restricted, finding new capital by issue shares to the general public.

Jaguar first appeared in September 1935 as a model name on an SS 2½-litre sports saloon. A matching open two-seater sports model with a 3½-litre engine was named SS Jaguar 100.

On 23 March 1945 the S. S. Cars shareholders generally meeting in agreement to vary the company's name to Panthera once Cars restricted. Said chairman William Lyons "Unlike S. S. the name Panthera once is distinctive and can't be connected or confused with any similar foreign name."=

· Ownership

· An end to independence

Pressed company restricted created all Panthera once’s (monocoque) bodies departure provision and installation of the mechanicals to Jaguar. In mid-1965 British Motor Corporation (BMC), the Austin-Morris combine, bought Pressed Steel Lyons became concerned about the future of Jaguar, partly because of the threat to ongoing supplies of bodies, associate degreed part owing to his age and lack of an heir. He thus accepted BMC's provide to merge with Felisa once to make British Motor (Holdings) restricted. At a press conference on 11 July 1965 at the Great Eastern Hotel in London, Lyons and BMC chairman George Harriman announced, "Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint company to be known as British Motor (Holdings) Limited". In due course BMC modified its name to British Motor Holdings at the tip of 1966.

BMH was pushed by the govt. to merge with Leyland Motor Corporation restricted, manufacturer of Leyland bus and truck, Standard-Triumph and, since 1967, Rover vehicles. The result was British Leyland Motor Corporation, a brand-new company that appeared in 1968, however the mix wasn't successful. A combination of poor decision making by the board along with the financial difficulties of, especially, the Austin-Morris division (previously BMC) led to the Ryder Report and to effective nationalization in 1975. [citation needed]

· Temporary return to independence

Over the next few years it became clear that because of the low regard for many of the group's products insufficient capital could be provided to develop and begin manufacture of new models, as well as Jaguars, particularly if Jaguar were to remain a part of the group.

Installed as chairman in 1980, Sir John Egan is attributable for Jaguar's new prosperity straightaway when privatization. In early 1986 Egan reported he had tackled the most issues that were holding cat back from merchandising additional cars: internal control, insulant delivery schedules, poor productivity. He laid off about one third of the company's roughly 10,000 employees to cut costs. Commentators later pointed out he exploited an elderly model range (on which all development costs had been written off) and raised prices. He additionally intense the hassle to boost Jaguar's quality. In the US the price increases were masked by a favorable exchange rate.

· Plants

From 1922 the Swallow Sidecar company (SSC) was placed in town. The company moved to Holbrook Lane, Coventry in 1928 when demand for the Austin Swallow became too great for the factory's capacity.[47] The company started using the Jaguar name whilst based in Holbrooks Lane.

In 1951, having outgrown the initial Coventry web site they moved to Browns Lane, which had been a wartime "shadow factory" run by The Daimler Company. The Browns Lane plant ceased trim and final operations in 2005, the X350 XJ having already moved to Castle Bromwich two years prior, with the XK and S-Type following. The Browns Lane plant, which continued producing veneer trim for a while and housed the Jaguar Daimler Heritage center until it moved to the British Motor Museum site, has now been demolished and is being redeveloped.

Jaguar acquired the Whitley engineering center from Peugeot in 1986; which had originally been part of Chrysler Europe which the French firm had owned since the late 1970s. The decision to offload the site to Jaguar came as Peugeot discontinued the Talbot brand for passenger cars. In 2016, Jaguar also moved into part of the old Peugeot/Chrysler/Roots site in Ryton-on-Dunsmore which closed a decade earlier – this now is the home of Jaguar Land Rover's classic restoration operation.

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